ABSTRACT
Objective: an enthesophyte is a bony spur formed at a ligament or tendon insertion into bone. It may develop in the direction of pull of the relevant tendon/ligament or in response to repetitive strain. To find out the presence of enthesophytes on dried bones of lower limb in Pakistani population
Material and Methods: present study was conducted on dried bones of lower limb in Pakistani population in the Anatomy Departments of Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore and Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot. For this purpose, 40 pelvic bones, 103 femora, 98 tibiae, and 112 fibulae were included. They were closely observed for the presence of enthesophytes. The bones with enthesophytes were photographed
Results: enthesophytes were found on 1 out of 40 hip bones, 2 out of 103 femora, 1 out of 98 tibia and 1 out of 112 fibulae. Enthesophyte on hip bone was present on ilium at the medial border. One of the femur shows enthesophyte inferior to lesser trochanter and other femur has enthesophyte on medial aspect of greater trochanter.On tibia; oneenthesophyte was at the lower end of tibial tuberosity and second was on the posterior surface below the lateral condyle. Only one out of 112 fibu lae showed enthesophyte on head of fibula
Conclusion: finding of enthesophytes contributes to the data of anatomical variations and to raise awareness about formation of enthesophytes. The better understanding of the localization of enthesophytesis important in the musculoskeletal pain diagnosis so the presence of enthesophyte should be kept in mind
ABSTRACT
To study the diaphyseal Nutrient Foramina [NF] of dry Pakistani fibulae morphometrically and topographically. Descriptive cross-sectional study. Anatomy Department, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, from December 2013 to April 2014. The materials comprised 168 dried fibulae, 80 of left side and 88 of right side. Length of bone and distance of NF from the proximal end was calculated by placing bones on osteometric board. The Foramen Index [FI] was calculated by applying the Hughes formula, dividing the distance of the foramen from the proximal end [DNF] by the total length of the bone [TL] which was multiplied by hundred FI = [DNF/TL] x 100. Eighty five bones [96.6%] of right side and 79 bones [98.8%] of left side had a single nutrient foramen. Mean length of left fibula was 34.690 +/- 2.353 cms and of right fibula 34.905 +/- 2.198 cms. Mean foramen index was 47.651 +/- 7.601 on the left side and 50.283 +/- 11.478 on the right side. In the right fibulae, type-1 foramen was present in one [1.13%] bone, type-2 was present in 77 [87.5%] bones and type-3 was found in 10 [11.36%] bones. In the left fibulae, type-1 foramen was not found in any bone, type-2 in 79 bones [98.75%] and type 3 in only 1 bone [1.25%].This study provides important information on the topography of nutrient foramina of fibula in Pakistani population. As microvascular bone transfer is becoming more popular, such data regarding nutrient foramina will be of importance to orthopaedic surgeons
ABSTRACT
Objective: to find out the incidence of supracondylar process of humerus in Pakistani Population
Material and Methods: this study was carried out on 111 dried humeri collected from Anatomy Departments of AIMC and PGMI Lahore. On finding a supracondylar process on a single humerus of left side, it was photographed and its dimensions were recorded on osteometric board. The supracondylar process was morphologically and morphometrically analyzed
Results: in present study, out of 111 humeri, we found supracondylar process in only one humerus of left side. This shows the incidence of about 0.90% in present study on humeri of Pakistani population
Conclusion: finding of such variants contributes to increase the data of anatomical variations and to raise awareness about supracondylar process which might play a role in diagnosis of peripheral neurovascular compression syndromes
ABSTRACT
Suicide has become a major social and medical problem around the world. Most people commit suicide because they don't know any other answer for their problems. Death by suicide, in reality, is an attempt to escape psychic pain. Suicide appears to be the only option left for people who, after trying to solve life's crisis, find themselves in a hopeless situation. Some people figure it would be better if they were just dead. Suicide is a tragic phenomenon that has preoccupied professionals from a variety of disciplines. Psychiatrists' ability to predict and prevent this tragic event is limited. Recent advances in brain chemistry and genetic studies have brought with them new hope that many of these deaths can be prevented. Deaths by suicides are increasing in our society at an alarming pace. But only social reasons [i.e. poverty, inflation, injustice, unemployment etc] are not to be blamed. This review is based on the medical causes related to suicide
ABSTRACT
To see the effect of chloroquine on endothelial cells in developing liver of albino rats. Design: Case control prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department of Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore from September to December 2000. Subjects and Twenty-four pregnant female albino rats were divided in 4 groups. The gestation period in rats ranges from 20-22 days, which was divided into three trimesters of seven days each. Oral dose of chloroquine 700 mg/kg body weight in first, second and third weeks of pregnancy was administered. Hepatic tissue of newborn rats were analyzed histologically. Chloroquine induced considerable endothelial cell injury in newborn rat liver. Central venular endothelial cells[CVECs] and sinusoidal endothelial cells[SECs] were specially involved. Livers from animals exposed to chloroquine during the third trimester showed many areas of intrahepatic hemorrhage due to complete destruction of endothelial lining of central veins. Chloroquine is toxic to endothelial cells of liver and should be avoided during pregnancy